सं Samvidhan

BSA · Chapter VIII

Estoppel — MCQs with answers

15 exam-style questions on this chapter, written from the actual legal text and tagged for UPSC, Judiciary and CLAT. Five are shown below with answers and explanations — the rest are in the free interactive drill.

Q1 · easy · BSA S.121

What is the primary legal effect of Section 121 (Estoppel) of the Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023?

  1. A.It allows a person to deny a fact in any suit between the parties.
  2. B.It prevents a person who intentionally caused another to believe a fact from denying the truth of that fact in a suit between them.✓ correct
  3. C.It permits denial of a fact if the person acquires title later.
  4. D.It applies only against third parties who relied on the representation.

Why: The provision states that when a person has by his declaration, act or omission intentionally caused another to believe something, he shall not be allowed in any suit between himself and that person (or representative) to deny the truth of that thing. Thus the effect is to bar the maker from denying what he induced another to believe.

Read Section 121 — Estoppel →

Q2 · easy · BSA S.121

Which of the following can give rise to estoppel under Section 121?

  1. A.A declaration, an act or an omission.✓ correct
  2. B.Only written declarations.
  3. C.Only physical acts (not omissions).
  4. D.Only omissions (not declarations or acts).

Why: Section 121 expressly refers to a person having, by his declaration, act or omission, intentionally caused another to believe something. Therefore any of those—declaration, act or omission—can give rise to the estoppel.

Read Section 121 — Estoppel →

Q3 · medium · BSA S.121

Under Section 121, is intention required for estoppel to arise?

  1. A.No, estoppel arises even if the belief was caused unintentionally.
  2. B.Yes, but only if the maker knew the precise legal consequences of the belief.
  3. C.Yes — the provision requires that the declaration, act or omission intentionally caused the other to believe the fact.✓ correct
  4. D.No, mere negligence in making the representation is sufficient.

Why: The provision specifies the situation where a person has "intentionally caused" another to believe something by declaration, act or omission. Thus intention to cause the belief is a required element under Section 121.

Read Section 121 — Estoppel →

Q4 · medium · BSA S.121

Between which parties does the estoppel under Section 121 operate?

  1. A.It operates against any third party who relied on the representation.
  2. B.It operates in any suit or proceeding between the representor and the person he caused to believe the fact, or that person's representative.✓ correct
  3. C.It operates only against the representor's own representatives.
  4. D.It operates between the representor and the court as a party.

Why: Section 121 states the bar applies "in any suit or proceeding between himself and such person or his representative." Therefore the estoppel operates in suits between the maker of the representation and the person induced to believe it, or that person's representative, not against unrelated third parties.

Read Section 121 — Estoppel →

Q5 · hard · BSA S.121

In the illustration given with Section 121, after A's land later becomes his property, can A set aside the sale by proving that at the time of sale he had no title?

  1. A.Yes — A can set aside the sale because he acquired title later.
  2. B.No — A must not be allowed to prove his want of title because he intentionally and falsely led B to believe the land belonged to him.✓ correct
  3. C.Only if B had express notice of A's lack of title at the time of sale.
  4. D.Only if A's later title is defective.

Why: The illustration states that A intentionally and falsely led B to believe the land belonged to him and induced the sale, and that A "must not be allowed to prove his want of title." Thus even though A later acquires the land, he cannot set aside the sale by proving lack of title at the time.

Read Section 121 — Estoppel →

10 more questions on Estoppel

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Questions are AI-generated from the legal text, machine-verified against the provision, and editorially reviewable. Education, not legal advice.