Practice paper — IPC Chapter 3 — Punishments
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1.What is the subject of Section 53 as given in the excerpt?
- (A) Punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Code
- (B) Definitions of offences under the Code
- (C) Procedures for trial in criminal courts
- (D) Jurisdiction of courts
2.Based solely on the excerpt, can the punishments mentioned apply to conduct not covered by this Code?
- (A) Yes — they apply to any wrongful conduct
- (B) Yes — but only if another statute incorporates them
- (C) No — they apply to offenders liable under the provisions of this Code
- (D) Only when a court expressly extends them
3.Which of the following is the most accurate inference strictly from this provision's wording?
- (A) The provision prescribes capital punishment specifically for certain offences
- (B) The provision indicates there are punishments to which offenders under the Code are liable
- (C) The provision authorizes courts to create new kinds of punishments outside the Code
- (D) The provision defines the term 'liable' for criminal law purposes
4.What is the effect, under Section 53A, of any reference to "transportation for a term" (a shorter term) in any other law for the time being in force?
- (A) Converted into simple imprisonment for the same term
- (B) Converted into rigorous imprisonment for the same term
- (C) Deemed to have been omitted
- (D) Left to the court's discretion to choose transportation or imprisonment
5.A statute enacted today prescribes "transportation for 5 years" as the penal consequence for an offence. What is the legal effect of that provision under Section 53A?
- (A) Courts must impose transportation for 5 years as specified
- (B) It is to be read as rigorous imprisonment for 5 years
- (C) It is to be read as imprisonment for life
- (D) The reference to transportation for 5 years is deemed to have been omitted
6.Under Section 54 of the Indian Penal Code, who has the power to commute a sentence of death?
- (A) The trial court that passed the sentence
- (B) The appropriate Government
- (C) The President of India only
- (D) The Inspector-General of Prisons
7.To which of the following can a sentence of death be commuted under Section 54 IPC?
- (A) Any other punishment provided by this Code
- (B) Only life imprisonment
- (C) Only a lesser term of imprisonment fixed by the trial court
- (D) Only to a fine
8.Which statement best describes the scope of Section 54 IPC?
- (A) The appropriate Government may commute a death sentence only with the offender's consent
- (B) The appropriate Government may, without the offender's consent, commute death to any other punishment provided by the Code
- (C) The appropriate Government may commute death only to punishments under other statutes with court approval
- (D) The court that sentenced may itself commute the death sentence to another punishment
9.Does Section 55 require the consent of the offender for commutation of a life sentence?
- (A) Yes, consent of the offender is mandatory
- (B) Yes, but only in certain cases
- (C) No, commutation may be made without the consent of the offender
- (D) Only if the offender applies in writing
10.Can the appropriate Government commute a life sentence to a term exceeding fourteen years if the offender gives consent?
- (A) Yes, with the offender's consent the limit can be exceeded
- (B) Yes, but only with additional judicial approval
- (C) No, Section 55 limits commutation to a term not exceeding fourteen years regardless of consent
- (D) Only the President can authorise exceeding the limit
11.Which of the following correctly describes whether Section 55A is a repeal provision?
- (A) Yes — it explicitly repeals earlier provisions related to sections 54 and 55.
- (B) Yes — it is a repeal notice replacing sections 54 and 55.
- (C) No — it is a definitional provision about the meaning of "appropriate Government" and does not state any repeal.
- (D) No — it creates a new offence under sections 54 and 55.
12.What is the legal status of Section 56 of the IPC according to the provided text?
- (A) It was amended by the Criminal Law (Removal of Racial Discriminations) Act, 1949
- (B) It was repealed by the Indian Independence Act, 1947
- (C) It was repealed by the Criminal Law (Removal of Racial Discriminations) Act, 1949 (17 of 1949)
- (D) It remains in force as part of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
13.Section 57 IPC applies specifically to which of the following calculations?
- (A) Calculating fractions of terms of punishment
- (B) Determining the total number of convicts
- (C) Setting the period for parole eligibility
- (D) Fixing the sentence for capital punishment
14.Under Section 57 IPC, what is the equivalent duration for one-third of imprisonment for life when calculating fractions?
- (A) 6 years
- (B) 7 years 6 months
- (C) 8 years
- (D) 6 years 8 months
15.What subject-matter did Section 58 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 deal with (as shown by its heading)?
- (A) How offenders sentenced to transportation are to be dealt with until transported
- (B) The procedure for transporting offenders across international borders
- (C) The computation of sentences involving transportation
- (D) Powers of police during transportation of goods
16.What did Section 59 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 provide?
- (A) Death penalty for certain offences
- (B) Transportation instead of imprisonment
- (C) Monetary fine as the sole punishment
- (D) Community service as an alternative punishment
17.Under Section 60 IPC, when an offender is punishable with imprisonment which may be of either description, the Court may direct that the imprisonment shall be:
- (A) Wholly rigorous only
- (B) Wholly simple only
- (C) Wholly rigorous, or wholly simple, or any part rigorous and the rest simple
- (D) Converted into a fine instead of imprisonment
18.Which of the following is NOT an option expressly given to the court by Section 60 IPC when the imprisonment may be of either description?
- (A) Direct that the imprisonment be wholly rigorous
- (B) Convert the imprisonment into a fine
- (C) Direct that any part be rigorous and the rest simple
- (D) Direct that the imprisonment be wholly simple
19.What subject matter did Section 61 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 deal with?
- (A) Imprisonment for life
- (B) Sentence of forfeiture of property
- (C) Fine and penalties
- (D) Custodial sentence for theft
20.What subject matter did Section 62 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 deal with as given in the text?
- (A) Forfeiture of property in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment
- (B) Procedure for trial of offences
- (C) Definitions of various punishments
- (D) Remission of sentences by the government
21.Under Section 63 IPC, if a penal provision states no sum to which a fine may extend, the amount of the fine is:
- (A) Unlimited
- (B) Capped at a statutory minimum (e.g., Rs. 1,000)
- (C) Nil (no fine may be imposed)
- (D) Fixed at a rate linked to minimum wage
22.Section 63 IPC applies in which situation?
- (A) Only when a statute expressly states 'no limit' on fines
- (B) When a sum is expressed but a court wants to exceed it
- (C) Where no sum is expressed to which a fine may extend
- (D) Whenever imprisonment is also imposed with a fine
23.If a penal provision expressly specifies a maximum fine amount, which statement about Section 63 IPC is correct?
- (A) Section 63 converts the expressed maximum into an unlimited fine
- (B) Section 63 applies only where no sum is expressed and therefore does not override an express maximum
- (C) Section 63 requires the expressed maximum to be doubled
- (D) Section 63 mandates that no fine may be imposed where a sum is expressed
24.If an offender is sentenced to both a fine and imprisonment for an offence punishable with imprisonment as well as fine, does Section 64 apply?
- (A) Yes — but only if imprisonment is also imposed for a term exceeding one month.
- (B) Yes — it applies whether the fine is imposed with or without imprisonment.
- (C) No — it applies only when a fine alone is imposed.
- (D) No — it applies only to offences punishable with fine only.
25.For an offence punishable with fine only, and the court sentences the offender to a fine, does Section 64 apply?
- (A) Yes — it applies to offences punishable with fine only when the offender is sentenced to a fine.
- (B) No — it applies only where imprisonment is an available punishment.
- (C) No — it applies only where the offence is punishable with imprisonment as well as fine.
- (D) Yes — but only if the fine is accompanied by imprisonment.
26.When does Section 65 of the IPC apply?
- (A) Only when the offence is punishable with fine but not imprisonment
- (B) When the offence is punishable with imprisonment as well as fine
- (C) Only when the offence is punishable with imprisonment but not fine
- (D) In all offences irrespective of the statutorily prescribed punishment
27.If an offence is punishable only with fine (no imprisonment), what limit does Section 65 impose on imprisonment in default of payment of fine?
- (A) It limits imprisonment to one-fourth of the maximum fixed term of imprisonment
- (B) It allows imprisonment up to the full maximum term of imprisonment
- (C) It prohibits any imprisonment in default of fine
- (D) The section does not apply and therefore does not set any limit
28.What power does Section 66 of the Indian Penal Code confer when a fine is not paid (imprisonment in default)?
- (A) The Court may impose imprisonment of any description to which the offender might have been sentenced for the offence.
- (B) The Court may impose only simple imprisonment for a fixed short period.
- (C) The Court may convert the fine into community service instead of imprisonment.
- (D) The Court may extend the fine indefinitely until paid.
29.If an offence is punishable only with a fine and carries no imprisonment, what does Section 66 permit the Court to do in default of payment?
- (A) Impose any form of imprisonment regardless of original punishment.
- (B) Not impose imprisonment because there is no description of imprisonment to which the offender might have been sentenced for the offence.
- (C) Impose simple imprisonment up to one year irrespective of the offence.
- (D) Refer the matter to a higher court for imposition of imprisonment.
30.May a Court, under Section 66, impose a form of imprisonment in default that is more severe or of a different kind than any description available for the original offence?
- (A) Yes, the Court has discretion to impose any more severe form of imprisonment.
- (B) No, the imprisonment in default cannot be of a description beyond those to which the offender might have been sentenced for the offence.
- (C) Yes, but only with permission from the prosecution.
- (D) Yes, but only if the accused refuses to pay after a second opportunity.
31.According to Section 67 IPC, what is the maximum term of imprisonment in default of payment when the amount of the fine shall not exceed fifty rupees?
- (A) Not exceeding four months
- (B) Not exceeding two months
- (C) Not exceeding six months
- (D) No imprisonment permitted
32.Under Section 67 IPC, if the amount of the fine is exactly one hundred rupees and the offender defaults, what is the maximum imprisonment the Court may impose?
- (A) Not exceeding two months
- (B) Not exceeding six months
- (C) Not exceeding four months
- (D) No imprisonment allowed
33.Under Section 68 IPC, when does the imprisonment imposed in default of payment of a fine terminate?
- (A) Only when the fine is paid (and not otherwise)
- (B) Only when the fine is levied by a court order
- (C) Whenever that fine is either paid or levied by process of law
- (D) When the prison term fixed for the default is completed
34.If the fine is levied by process of law (for example, recovered from the offender's property), what is the effect on the imprisonment imposed in default under Section 68 IPC?
- (A) The imprisonment continues until the offender serves the full sentence
- (B) The offender must petition the court for release after levy
- (C) Levy by process of law has no effect unless accompanied by a written order
- (D) Yes — imprisonment terminates when the fine is levied by process of law
35.According to Section 69 IPC, when must the proportion of the fine be paid or levied for the benefit to arise?
- (A) At any time after conviction.
- (B) Before the expiration of the term of imprisonment fixed in default of payment.
- (C) Only after half of the default term has been served.
- (D) Only within seven days of conviction.
36.A fine of Rs.2,000 carries a default imprisonment of 100 days. The prisoner has served 30 days and pays Rs.700 before the default term expires. Does imprisonment terminate under Section 69 IPC?
- (A) Yes, because any payment reduces the imprisonment proportionally.
- (B) Yes, but only if the court certifies the payment.
- (C) No, because payment after conviction cannot affect imprisonment.
- (D) No, because the term already suffered (30 days) is less than the proportional term for the unpaid amount.
37.According to Section 70 IPC, within what time may the fine or any unpaid part be levied after the passing of the sentence (in absence of a longer imprisonment term)?
- (A) Within six years after the passing of the sentence
- (B) Within five years after the passing of the sentence
- (C) Only during imprisonment
- (D) Within ten years after the passing of the sentence
38.If under the sentence the offender is liable to imprisonment for 7 years, when may the fine or any unpaid part thereof be levied?
- (A) Only within six years after the passing of the sentence.
- (B) At any time previous to the expiration of that imprisonment period (i.e., within seven years).
- (C) Only after the imprisonment term expires.
- (D) Only while the offender is in prison.
39.Which statement correctly describes the scope of property liability preserved by Section 70 upon the death of the offender?
- (A) All the offender’s property remains liable for the fine even after death.
- (B) No property remains liable after death under any circumstances.
- (C) Only property that would, after his death, be legally liable for his debts is not discharged from liability.
- (D) Property becomes liable only if the fine was levied during the offender’s lifetime.
40.Which circumstance is expressly allowed by Section 71 as an exception to its limitation on punishment?
- (A) When the offender acted in self-defence.
- (B) When the parts were committed at different times.
- (C) When it is expressly provided that more than one punishment may be imposed.
- (D) When the aggregate punishment would be minimal.
41.Can a statute override Section 71 and permit punishment for more than one offence when the offence is made up of parts?
- (A) No — Section 71 is absolute and cannot be overridden.
- (B) Only if the accused consents to multiple punishments.
- (C) No — unless a court finds exceptional circumstances.
- (D) Yes — if it is expressly provided that multiple punishments may be imposed.
42.According to Section 72, Indian Penal Code, if judgment states a person is guilty of one of several offences but it is doubtful which, how shall the offender be punished?
- (A) He shall be acquitted because of the doubt
- (B) He shall be punished for the offence for which the lowest punishment is provided
- (C) He shall be punished for the offence for which the highest punishment is provided
- (D) He shall be punished in proportion to the degree of doubt
43.If the same punishment is provided for all the offences specified in the judgment, what does Section 72 require?
- (A) It requires the court to choose any one offence and impose that punishment
- (B) It requires the court to impose the maximum of those punishments
- (C) It requires the court to order a retrial to identify the exact offence
- (D) It does not invoke the rule of selecting the lowest punishment (the provision’s condition is not met)
44.What is the maximum total period of solitary confinement that may be ordered under Section 73 of the IPC?
- (A) One month
- (B) Two months
- (C) Three months
- (D) Six months
45.If the term of imprisonment imposed is exactly six months, what is the maximum period of solitary confinement the Court may order under Section 73?
- (A) A time not exceeding one month
- (B) A time not exceeding two months
- (C) A time not exceeding three months
- (D) No solitary confinement may be ordered
46.Can the Court order solitary confinement under Section 73 when the offence only attracts simple imprisonment (i.e., the Court has no power to sentence to rigorous imprisonment)?
- (A) Yes, in every case the Court may order solitary confinement
- (B) Yes, but only if the total imprisonment exceeds one year
- (C) No — the provision applies only where the Court has power to sentence to rigorous imprisonment
- (D) Yes, but only with higher authority approval
47.According to Section 74, what is the minimum required duration of intervals between periods of solitary confinement relative to those periods?
- (A) Intervals must be equal to or longer than the solitary period
- (B) Intervals may be shorter than the solitary period
- (C) Intervals must be half the duration of the solitary period
- (D) Intervals must be twice the duration of the solitary period
48.A prisoner sentenced to six months' imprisonment is ordered to solitary confinement for ten days in one month. Is this allowed under Section 74?
- (A) Yes, because a single period may be up to fourteen days
- (B) Yes, if the interval after that period is sufficiently long
- (C) Yes, if the order is for a single continuous period
- (D) No, because for imprisonment exceeding three months solitary confinement shall not exceed seven days in any one month
49.Under Section 75 IPC, enhanced punishment applies to offences under which Chapters of the Code?
- (A) Chapter XII and Chapter XVII
- (B) Chapter XIV and Chapter XVI
- (C) Chapter XV and Chapter XVIII
- (D) All Chapters of the Code
50.Does Section 75 apply where the earlier conviction was by a Court sitting outside India?
- (A) Yes, if the sentence abroad was three years or more
- (B) Yes, regardless of where the earlier conviction was delivered
- (C) No, it requires conviction ‘‘by a Court in India’’
- (D) Only if the foreign conviction is later confirmed by an Indian court
Answer key
Explanations
- 1. (A) The text begins: "The punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Code are". Hence Section 53 is concerned with punishments applicable to offenders under the Code.
- 2. (C) The wording confines the punishments to "offenders... liable under the provisions of this Code," so from this text alone they pertain to offences under the Code rather than to conduct outside it.
- 3. (B) The exact wording is "The punishments to which offenders are liable under the provisions of this Code are", which indicates that the provision concerns punishments applicable to offenders under the Code; it does not, in the excerpt, prescribe specific punishments, authorize new punishments, or define 'liable'.
- 4. (C) Section 53A expressly provides that any reference to transportation for a term or to transportation for any shorter term in any other law shall be deemed to have been omitted. It does not provide for conversion into a term of imprisonment in general.
- 5. (D) Section 53A provides that any reference to transportation for a term (i.e., for a shorter term) in any other law shall be deemed to have been omitted. Therefore a modern statute prescribing transportation for 5 years would be treated as if that reference were omitted.
- 6. (B) The provision states: "the appropriate Government may...commute the punishment." This explicitly vests the commuting power in the appropriate Government.
- 7. (A) Section 54 provides that the appropriate Government may commute death "for any other punishment provided by this Code," meaning any punishment contained in the Code may be substituted.
- 8. (B) Section 54 states: "the appropriate Government may, without the consent of the offender, commute the punishment for any other punishment provided by this Code." This combines both the absence of required consent and the limit to punishments within the Code.
- 9. (C) The text of Section 55 specifies that the appropriate Government may commute "without the consent of the offender." Thus consent is not required for commutation under this section.
- 10. (C) Section 55 expressly limits commutation to "a term not exceeding fourteen years" and states commutation may be made "without the consent of the offender." The provision therefore imposes the fourteen-year limit irrespective of consent.
- 11. (C) The text states: "In sections 54 and 55 the expression 'appropriate Government' means:" indicating Section 55A defines a term for those sections. There is no language of repeal or creation of an offence in the given text.
- 12. (C) The text plainly states the section was 'Repealed by the Criminal Law (Removal of Racial Discriminations) Act, 1949 (17 of 1949).' Therefore, the section no longer remains in force and was repealed by that Act.
- 13. (A) The provision begins: 'In calculating fractions of terms of punishment,' indicating that its operation is confined to calculations of fractions of terms of punishment, not the other listed matters.
- 14. (D) Since life imprisonment is to be reckoned as twenty years for fractional calculations, one-third is 20 ÷ 3 = 6 2/3 years, which is 6 years 8 months.
- 15. (A) The heading of Section 58 explicitly reads: 'Offenders sentenced to transportation how dealt with until transported.' Thus it concerned how offenders sentenced to transportation were to be dealt with until they were transported.
- 16. (B) The provision heading given is 'Section 59 — Transportation instead of imprisonment.' Therefore Section 59 provided for transportation as an alternative to imprisonment. The text explicitly identifies transportation instead of imprisonment.
- 17. (C) Section 60 states that where imprisonment may be of either description the Court may direct that the imprisonment shall be wholly rigorous, wholly simple, or that any part shall be rigorous and the rest simple. The provision does not provide for conversion into a fine.
- 18. (B) Section 60 lists three options: wholly rigorous, wholly simple, or part rigorous and part simple. It does not provide for conversion of imprisonment into a fine.
- 19. (B) The provision text is headed 'Section 61 — Sentence of forfeiture of property,' which directly states the subject matter of Section 61. No other content is provided in the text.
- 20. (A) The provision text states: 'Section 62 — Forfeiture of property, in respect of offenders punishable with death, transportation or imprisonment.' Thus it dealt with forfeiture of property for such offenders.
- 21. (A) The provision states: 'Where no sum is expressed to which a fine may extend, the amount of fine to which the offender is liable is unlimited.' Thus the amount is unlimited when no sum is expressed.
- 22. (C) The opening words are: 'Where no sum is expressed to which a fine may extend,' indicating the section applies specifically in situations where the law expresses no sum for the fine.
- 23. (B) The section begins 'Where no sum is expressed ...' so it is limited to situations with no expressed sum. If a provision expressly specifies a maximum, Section 63 does not apply to override that express maximum.
- 24. (B) The provision states it applies 'whether with or without imprisonment' in cases of offences punishable with imprisonment as well as fine. Therefore Section 64 applies even when a fine is imposed together with imprisonment.
- 25. (A) The provision expressly includes offences 'punishable ... with fine only, in which the offender is sentenced to a fine.' Thus Section 64 applies where the offence is punishable with fine only and the offender is sentenced to a fine.
- 26. (B) The provision begins with the qualifying phrase 'if the offence be punishable with imprisonment as well as fine', so Section 65 applies only where the offence is punishable with both imprisonment and fine.
- 27. (D) Section 65 applies only 'if the offence be punishable with imprisonment as well as fine.' If an offence is punishable only with fine, the provision does not apply and thus does not prescribe any limit.
- 28. (A) The provision states that the imprisonment imposed in default of payment of a fine may be of any description to which the offender might have been sentenced for the offence. It does not limit the court to only simple imprisonment or alternative measures not mentioned in the text.
- 29. (B) The provision allows imprisonment in default to be of any description to which the offender might have been sentenced for the offence. If the offence carries no imprisonment, there is no description available under that offence to be imposed in default.
- 30. (B) The provision confines default imprisonment to any description to which the offender might have been sentenced for the offence. Therefore, the Court cannot impose a form of imprisonment that exceeds or is different from those available for the offence.
- 31. (B) Section 67 provides a scale and specifically says "for any term not exceeding two months when the amount of the fine shall not exceed fifty rupees." Hence the maximum term in that situation is two months.
- 32. (C) The provision states "for any term not exceeding four months when the amount shall not exceed one hundred rupees." Since one hundred rupees "shall not exceed one hundred rupees," the maximum term is four months.
- 33. (C) Section 68 states: 'The imprisonment which is imposed in default of payment of a fine shall terminate whenever that fine is either paid or levied by process of law.' Therefore imprisonment ends when the fine is either paid or levied by process of law.
- 34. (D) Section 68 explicitly states that imprisonment 'shall terminate whenever that fine is either paid or levied by process of law.' A levy by process of law therefore terminates the imprisonment.
- 35. (B) The provision begins with the condition "If, before the expiration of the term of imprisonment fixed in default of payment, such a proportion of the fine be paid or levied..." so payment must occur before the default term expires. No other temporal windows are specified.
- 36. (D) After paying Rs.700, Rs.1,300 remains unpaid; that unpaid portion corresponds to (1300/2000)*100 = 65 days. The provision requires that the term suffered be "not less than proportional to the part of the fine still unpaid." Here 30 days < 65 days, so imprisonment does not terminate.
- 37. (A) The provision states that the fine, or any part thereof which remains unpaid, "may be levied at any time within six years after the passing of the sentence." Hence the correct period is six years after sentence.
- 38. (B) The provision says that if the offender is liable to imprisonment for a longer period than six years, the fine may be levied "at any time previous to the expiration of that period." For a 7-year term that means any time before the 7 years expire.
- 39. (C) Section 70 specifies that "the death of the offender does not discharge from the liability any property which would, after his death, be legally liable for his debts." Thus the protection applies specifically to property that would be legally liable for debts after death.
- 40. (C) The proviso in Section 71 provides an exception: the offender shall not be so punished "unless it be so expressly provided." Thus an express provision allowing multiple punishments overrides the limitation.
- 41. (D) Section 71 contains the qualifying phrase "unless it be so expressly provided," which means an express statutory provision can permit punishment of more than one of such offences despite the general limitation.
- 42. (B) Section 72 states that where it is doubtful which of several offences the person is guilty of, “the offender shall be punished for the offence for which the lowest punishment is provided.” Thus punishment is the lowest prescribed among the offences.
- 43. (D) Section 72 applies “if the same punishment is not provided for all.” Therefore, where the same punishment is provided for all the offences, the condition for applying Section 72 is not met and its rule of selecting the lowest punishment is not invoked.
- 44. (C) Section 73 states the Court may order solitary confinement "not exceeding three months in the whole." Therefore the maximum total period is three months overall.
- 45. (A) The scale in Section 73 provides: "a time not exceeding one month if the term of imprisonment shall not exceed six months." A six‑month term falls within "shall not exceed six months," so the maximum is one month.
- 46. (C) The provision applies "whenever any person is convicted of an offence for which under this Code the Court has power to sentence him to rigorous imprisonment." If the Court has no such power (e.g., only simple imprisonment applies), Section 73 does not authorise solitary confinement.
- 47. (A) The provision requires "intervals between the periods of solitary confinement of not less duration than such periods," meaning the interval must be at least equal to (or longer than) the period of solitary confinement.
- 48. (D) For sentences exceeding three months the provision states solitary confinement "shall not exceed seven days in any one month of the whole imprisonment awarded." Ten days in one month would therefore exceed the statutory seven-day monthly limit and is not permitted.
- 49. (A) The provision expressly states ‘‘offence punishable under Chapter XII or Chapter XVII of this Code’’, so it applies specifically to Chapter XII and Chapter XVII offences. No other chapters are mentioned.
- 50. (C) The provision specifies ‘‘having been convicted: by a Court in India’’, so the text requires the earlier conviction to be by a Court in India. Convictions by courts outside India are not covered by the wording.