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Practice paper — IPC Chapter 18 — Offences Relating To Documents And To Property Marks
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1.Under Section 463 IPC, which of the following best describes the act of forgery?
- (A) Making any false document or false electronic record or part thereof with one of the specified intents (e.g., to cause damage, support a claim, or commit fraud).
- (B) Merely possessing a false document or false electronic record.
- (C) Making a true document but intending to conceal it from authorities.
- (D) Printing multiple genuine copies of a public document.
2.A person creates a false document with the aim of supporting a title claim. Under Section 463 IPC, is this act forgery?
- (A) No, supporting a title claim is not mentioned in Section 463.
- (B) Only if the title claim involves public land.
- (C) Yes, supporting any claim or title is specifically listed as an intent that makes the making of a false document forgery.
- (D) Only if the claimant relies on the document in court.
3.Does the provided text constitute a repeal notice for the provision?
- (A) Yes — it is a repeal notice
- (B) No — it is the opening wording of the substantive provision
- (C) Yes — it states the section has been repealed
- (D) Cannot be determined from the text
4.The phrase 'imprisonment of either description' in Section 465 most nearly means:
- (A) Either rigorous or simple imprisonment may be imposed
- (B) Only rigorous imprisonment may be imposed
- (C) Only simple imprisonment may be imposed
- (D) It means either imprisonment or fine
5.Which of the following acts is expressly criminalized by Section 466 of the IPC?
- (A) Forging a private contract between two individuals
- (B) Forging a document purporting to be a record or proceeding of a Court of Justice
- (C) Forging a personal diary
- (D) Forging a private commercial invoice
6.Would forging a certificate purportedly made by an official of a private company be punishable under Section 466 IPC?
- (A) Yes — any forged certificate is punishable under Section 466
- (B) Yes — but only if the certificate is used in court proceedings
- (C) No — the section never applies to certificates
- (D) No — Section 466 covers certificates or documents purporting to be made by a public servant in his official capacity
7.What punishment does Section 467 IPC prescribe for forging a document covered by this section?
- (A) Imprisonment for life only
- (B) Imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years only
- (C) Imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and also liable to fine
- (D) Fine only
8.Is life imprisonment a mandatory sentence for every offence under Section 467 IPC as per the provision's wording?
- (A) Yes — life imprisonment is mandatory for every offence under this section
- (B) No — the section provides for imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and also liability to fine
- (C) Yes — but only when the forged document is a will
- (D) No — the section prescribes only fines, no imprisonment
9.If a person forges a document with the intention that it will be used for cheating but the forged document is never actually used, does Section 468 IPC still apply according to the provision?
- (A) No, actual use is an essential element
- (B) Yes, the section applies because intention that it shall be used for cheating is specified
- (C) Only if some person was actually deceived
- (D) Only if the forged document was exhibited to someone
10.What is the maximum punishment prescribed by Section 469 of the IPC?
- (A) Imprisonment which may extend to seven years, and liable to fine.
- (B) Imprisonment which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine.
- (C) Life imprisonment and fine.
- (D) Only a fine; no imprisonment is prescribed.
11.What does the phrase 'imprisonment of either description' in Section 469 indicate about the type of imprisonment?
- (A) It permits either simple or rigorous imprisonment.
- (B) It permits only rigorous imprisonment.
- (C) It permits only simple imprisonment.
- (D) It permits imprisonment for life.
12.According to Section 470, if only a part of a document is created by forgery, is that document designated as a forged document?
- (A) Yes — a document made wholly or in part by forgery is so designated
- (B) No — the entire document must be forged
- (C) Only if the forged part is material to the document
- (D) Only if the majority of the document is forged
13.Which mental state is expressly required by Section 471 IPC for the offence of using a forged document as genuine?
- (A) Fraudulently or dishonestly
- (B) Only intention to forge
- (C) Strict liability (no mental state needed)
- (D) Negligence or carelessness
14.Under Section 471 IPC, which degree of belief about the document's authenticity suffices to attract liability?
- (A) Only actual certainty (absolute knowledge) that it is forged
- (B) Knowledge or having reason to believe it is forged
- (C) Belief without any reason or grounds
- (D) Only suspicion without any grounds
15.What is the maximum term of imprisonment (other than life) prescribed by Section 472 IPC?
- (A) Three years
- (B) Five years
- (C) Seven years
- (D) Ten years
16.Which statement most accurately describes the mens rea required by Section 472 IPC?
- (A) Both making/counterfeiting and possession require only knowledge that the instrument is counterfeit; intent is not required
- (B) Making/counterfeiting requires no specific intent, while possession requires both intent and knowledge that it is counterfeit
- (C) Knowledge that the instrument is counterfeit is sufficient for liability whether making or possessing it
- (D) Making/counterfeiting requires intent that it be used for a forgery punishable under s.467; possession requires that intent and also that the person knows the instrument is counterfeit
17.A person possesses a genuine (non-counterfeit) seal and intends to use it to commit a forgery punishable under this Chapter (other than section 467). Is he punishable under Section 473 IPC?
- (A) Yes — intent to use for forgery is sufficient even if the instrument is genuine
- (B) No — the possession limb requires the instrument to be counterfeit and the possessor to know it is counterfeit
- (C) Yes — but only if he also made the instrument himself
- (D) No — Section 473 applies only when the offence falls under section 467
18.What is the maximum punishment specified by Section 474 IPC when the document or electronic record is one of the description mentioned in section 466?
- (A) Imprisonment for up to three years with fine.
- (B) Imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and also liable to fine.
- (C) Life imprisonment.
- (D) Imprisonment for up to ten years without fine.
19.Which of the following is NOT an essential element of the offence under Section 474 IPC?
- (A) That the person forged the document himself.
- (B) That the person has the document or electronic record in his possession.
- (C) That the person knows the document or electronic record to be forged.
- (D) That the person intends the document or electronic record shall be fraudulently or dishonestly used as genuine.
20.A person counterfeits a mark on paper with the intention it will be used later for forging documents, but no document has yet been forged on that paper. Has an offence under Section 475 been committed?
- (A) No — the offence requires that a document has already been forged on the material.
- (B) No — mere future intention without possession is insufficient.
- (C) Yes — counterfeiting with the required intent is punishable even if the documents are to be forged thereafter.
- (D) Only if the person actually possesses the forged documents.
21.What is the maximum imprisonment prescribed by Section 476 IPC for counterfeiting a device or mark used for authenticating documents (other than those in Section 467)?
- (A) Imprisonment which may extend to seven years and fine
- (B) Imprisonment which may extend to ten years and fine
- (C) Life imprisonment only
- (D) Fine only
22.Which temporal scope of intended forgery does Section 476 specify regarding the use of the counterfeit device or mark?
- (A) It requires intent that the mark be used only for documents already forged before the counterfeiting
- (B) It requires intent that the mark be used only for documents to be forged in the future
- (C) It covers intent that the mark be used for documents "then forged or thereafter to be forged" on such material, i.e., both already forged and future forgeries
- (D) It does not mention timing of forgery at all
23.What punishment does Section 477 IPC prescribe for the offence described?
- (A) Imprisonment for life only
- (B) Imprisonment for either description for a term which may extend to seven years only
- (C) Imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and also liable to fine
- (D) Fine only
24.Does Section 477 IPC apply to a document that merely purports to be a will but is not actually a valid will?
- (A) No — the document must be a valid will to attract the section
- (B) Yes — the section covers any document which is or purports to be a will
- (C) Only if the person knew the document was invalid
- (D) Only if the purported will was registered
25.Does Section 477A IPC apply to falsification of electronic records?
- (A) Yes — the provision expressly includes "electronic record" among the items covered
- (B) No — it applies only to physical books and papers
- (C) Only if the electronic record is printed out
- (D) Only if a separate statute for electronic records is invoked
26.What is the legal status of Section 478 of the IPC according to the provision text?
- (A) It remains in force under the IPC
- (B) It was repealed by the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 (43 of 1958), S. 135 and Sch.
- (C) It was amended by the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958
- (D) It was transferred to Section 135 of the IPC
27.If a mark denotes that a suitcase belongs jointly to two named individuals, would that mark be a 'property mark' under the exact wording of Section 479?
- (A) Yes — because it denotes ownership of movable property.
- (B) Yes — because any mark on movable property is a property mark.
- (C) No — the provision specifies the property belongs to "a particular person," implying a single person.
- (D) No — marks on suitcases are always excluded from being property marks.
28.What does the provision text indicate about Section 480 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860?
- (A) Section 480 remains in force under the Indian Penal Code, 1860
- (B) Section 480 was repealed
- (C) Section 480 was amended but not repealed
- (D) Section 480 was incorporated into a new chapter of the IPC
29.Which of the following is explicitly within the scope of Section 481?
- (A) Marking immovable property (land or buildings) to suggest ownership by another.
- (B) Marking a movable article or a case/package containing movable goods in a manner reasonably calculated to cause belief that they belong to someone to whom they do not belong.
- (C) Marking a service or performance to suggest it was provided by another person.
- (D) Using a person's name in advertising without implying ownership of any goods or packages.
30.Does Section 481 require proof of the marker's dishonest intention to establish the offence of using a false property mark?
- (A) No; the provision focuses on whether the mark is used in a manner reasonably calculated to cause belief that the goods belong to a person to whom they do not belong, not on the marker's subjective intention.
- (B) Yes; the prosecution must prove the marker deliberately intended to deceive others about ownership.
- (C) Yes; proof of dishonest intention is required only where the mark is on a receptacle and not on the goods themselves.
- (D) No; intention is irrelevant and the offence is strict liability regardless of the effect of the mark.
31.If a person who used a false property mark successfully proves that he acted without intent to defraud, what is the legal consequence under Section 482?
- (A) He shall not be punished under this section
- (B) He shall be sentenced to imprisonment of one year
- (C) He shall be fined but not imprisoned
- (D) Punishment is increased to more than one year
32.Under Section 483 IPC, which act is expressly made an offence?
- (A) Counterfeiting any property mark used by any other person
- (B) Using a property mark without registration
- (C) Forging a public document
- (D) Selling goods bearing a false trademark
33.If a person counterfeits a property mark that is used by the person themself, is that conduct punishable under Section 483 IPC?
- (A) Yes, because counterfeiting any mark is covered
- (B) No, because the section applies to marks 'used by any other person'
- (C) Yes, but only if the mark is registered
- (D) No, unless there is a specific complaint from the public authorities
34.Section 484 IPC applies to counterfeiting marks used by which of the following persons?
- (A) Public servants only
- (B) Private individuals only
- (C) Both public servants and private individuals
- (D) Any person or entity without distinction
35.Which of the following acts is expressly made an offence under Section 485 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860 (as quoted)?
- (A) Making or having in possession any die, plate or other instrument for the purpose of counterfeiting a proper mark.
- (B) Selling goods bearing a false property mark to deceive buyers.
- (C) Forging documents to transfer ownership of property.
- (D) Removing a property mark from goods belonging to another person.
36.A person possesses a die intended to counterfeit a proper mark but has not yet used it. Under Section 485 (as quoted), is he liable for punishment?
- (A) He is liable only after he actually counterfeits or uses the die.
- (B) He is liable only if he intends to sell marked goods.
- (C) He is not liable unless a victim complains.
- (D) He is liable even for possession of the die for the purpose of counterfeiting.
37.According to the provision, a counterfeit property mark may be affixed where for the provision to apply?
- (A) Only on the goods themselves
- (B) Only on labels attached to the goods
- (C) On the goods themselves or on any case, package or other receptacle containing them
- (D) Only on the outermost container of a shipment
38.What does the phrase "shall, unless he proves:" in the provision indicate about the burden of proof?
- (A) The person who sells/exposes/possesses the goods must prove the exception
- (B) The prosecution must prove the seller is innocent
- (C) The court must independently prove the facts without parties' input
- (D) The owner of the genuine property mark must prove the counterfeit
39.A merchant places a label 'Imported Silk' on a box which in fact contains cotton. The label is likely to make buyers believe the box contains silk. Does Section 487 IPC apply?
- (A) No — Section 487 applies only when the receptacle is empty
- (B) No — Section 487 applies only if a public servant is deceived
- (C) Yes — making a false mark on a receptacle to cause belief about the goods' nature is covered
- (D) Yes — but only if the merchant intended to cause loss of property
40.Under Section 488 IPC, which of the following actions attracts punishment?
- (A) Making use of any such false mark in any manner prohibited by the last foregoing section
- (B) Merely making a false mark irrespective of manner
- (C) Proving that one acted without intent to defraud
- (D) Reporting a false mark to the police
41.In securing conviction under Section 488 IPC, which of the following is correct regarding proof of intent?
- (A) The prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused intended to defraud
- (B) Intent is immaterial and need not be considered
- (C) The court must assume lack of intent unless proven otherwise
- (D) No; the accused must prove that he acted without intent to defraud
42.What mental element does Section 489 require for criminal liability?
- (A) Only an intention to cause injury
- (B) Only knowledge that injury will certainly occur
- (C) Intending, or knowing it to be likely, that he may thereby cause injury to any person
- (D) Mere negligence about possible injury
43.Under Section 489A IPC, which of the following acts is directly covered by the provision?
- (A) Counterfeiting any currency-note or bank-note
- (B) Forging a signature on a bank cheque
- (C) Counterfeiting coins
- (D) Possessing a stolen currency-note
44.Does Section 489A extend to counterfeiting of coins?
- (A) Yes — covers all forms of currency including coins
- (B) Yes — if coins are issued by a bank
- (C) Only if the coin is denominated as a bank-note
- (D) No — provision refers only to currency-notes or bank-notes
45.What mental element is required for liability under Section 489B?
- (A) Knowledge or having reason to believe the note is forged or counterfeit
- (B) Strict liability with no mens rea requirement
- (C) Only an intention to defraud
- (D) Negligence or mere carelessness
46.Which of the following sentencing options is expressly permitted under Section 489B?
- (A) Only a fine without any imprisonment
- (B) Imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and also liable to fine
- (C) A maximum of seven years' imprisonment with no fine
- (D) Death penalty for the offence
47.A person lawfully possesses a counterfeit bank-note as a paper-collector and neither intends to use it as genuine nor intends that it may be used as genuine. Is he liable under Section 489C IPC?
- (A) Yes — mere possession of a counterfeit note suffices for liability
- (B) No — absence of intention to use or to have it used as genuine means the offence under s.489C is not made out
- (C) Yes — because possession plus knowledge always attracts punishment under this section
- (D) Yes — only bank-notes (not currency-notes) are required, so collectors are liable
48.What is the maximum punishment prescribed by Section 489D of the Indian Penal Code for making or possessing instruments for forging currency-notes?
- (A) Imprisonment for life only, without fine
- (B) Imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years only
- (C) Imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and also liable to fine
- (D) Fine only, without imprisonment
49.If a person unknowingly possesses machinery which could be used to forge bank-notes but neither has it "for the purpose of being used" nor "knows or has reason to believe that it is intended to be used," is that possession punishable under Section 489D?
- (A) Yes — mere possession of such machinery is sufficient for punishment
- (B) No — punishment applies only when it is for the purpose of being used or there is knowledge or reason to believe so
- (C) Yes — the section does not require any mental element
- (D) No — possession is punishable only if the machinery was bought from a suspect seller
50.Which of the following acts are expressly made offences by Section 489E(1) IPC?
- (A) Only making documents resembling currency-notes
- (B) Only using documents resembling currency-notes
- (C) Making, causing to be made, using for any purpose, or delivering such documents
- (D) Only delivering documents resembling currency-notes
Answer key
1. A2. C3. B4. A5. B6. D7. C8. B9. B10. B11. A12. A13. A14. B15. C16. D17. B18. B19. A20. C21. A22. C23. C24. B25. A26. B27. C28. B29. B30. A31. A32. A33. B34. A35. A36. D37. C38. A39. C40. A41. D42. C43. A44. D45. A46. B47. B48. C49. B50. C
Explanations
- 1. (A) Section 463 states that forgery is committed by whoever makes any false document or false electronic record or part of a document or electronic record with specified intents. Possession alone or making true documents are not described as forgery in this provision.
- 2. (C) Section 463 includes 'to support any claim or title' among the intents which, when combined with making a false document or electronic record, constitute forgery. The provision does not limit this to public land or require court reliance.
- 3. (B) The text is the opening line of a substantive provision ('A person is said to make a false document or false electronic record:'), and contains no language indicating repeal; therefore it is not a repeal notice.
- 4. (A) The text uses the phrase 'imprisonment of either description', which indicates that either description of imprisonment may be imposed (i.e., either of the two statutory descriptions), rather than excluding one type.
- 5. (B) Section 466 punishes whoever forges a document or electronic record purporting to be a record or proceeding of or in a Court of Justice. The provision therefore directly criminalizes forging documents that purport to be court records.
- 6. (D) The provision covers 'a certificate or document purporting to be made by a public servant in his official capacity.' It therefore does not reach certificates made by private company officials unless they purport to be by a public servant.
- 7. (C) The section states the offender 'shall be punished with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine.' Thus the statute provides either life or up to ten years imprisonment and additionally liability to a fine.
- 8. (B) The section provides two alternative punishments: 'imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years,' and also liability to fine. Thus life imprisonment is not mandatory in every case; the statute allows an alternative term up to ten years plus fine.
- 9. (B) The provision refers to committing forgery "intending that the document or electronic record forged shall be used for the purpose of cheating." The wording makes clear that the specific intention about use for cheating is the operative element, so actual use is not stated as a requirement.
- 10. (B) Section 469 provides punishment with 'imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine.' Therefore the maximum term is three years and there is also liability to fine.
- 11. (A) The phrase used is 'imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to three years.' 'Either description' therefore indicates that the imprisonment may be of either kind (simple or rigorous), subject to the maximum term of three years stated.
- 12. (A) Section 470 says a false document or electronic record "made wholly or in part by forgery" is designated as forged. The phrase "in part" makes clear that partial forgery suffices for the designation.
- 13. (A) Section 471 begins with "Whoever fraudulently or dishonestly uses as genuine..." — therefore the provision requires a fraudulent or dishonest state of mind, not mere negligence or strict liability.
- 14. (B) The text refers to a document "which he knows or has reason to believe to be a forged document," so either actual knowledge or a reasonable belief suffices; mere groundless suspicion does not meet that wording.
- 15. (C) Section 472 provides punishment of imprisonment for life, or imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Thus the maximum non-life term is seven years.
- 16. (D) Section 472 states that whoever makes or counterfeits ... intending that the same shall be used for the purpose of committing any forgery punishable under s.467 is punishable; and, with such intent, has in his possession any such seal ... knowing the same to be counterfeit. Thus making requires the intent regarding use, while possession requires both that intent and knowledge of counterfeit nature.
- 17. (B) The possession limb of Section 473 applies "with such intent, has in his possession any such seal... knowing the same to be counterfeit," so mere possession of a genuine instrument without knowledge it is counterfeit does not fall under that limb. The making limb, however, would apply if he had made the instrument with the requisite intent.
- 18. (B) The provision states that the offender shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine, where the document or electronic record is of the description mentioned in section 466.
- 19. (A) Section 474 criminalises possession of a document or electronic record known to be forged with the intention it be used as genuine; it does not require that the possessor himself forged the document. The essential elements are possession, knowledge of forgery, and intention of fraudulent/dishonest use.
- 20. (C) The section punishes whoever counterfeits any device or mark intending that it shall be used to give appearance of authenticity to any document 'then forged or thereafter to be forged on such material.' Thus actual forging need not have occurred; intent that it be used for future forgeries is sufficient.
- 21. (A) The provision states the offender "shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine," so the maximum term mentioned is seven years plus fine.
- 22. (C) The section specifies intent that the device or mark "shall be used for the purpose of giving the appearance of authenticity to any document then forged or thereafter to be forged on such material," which includes both documents then forged and those to be forged later.
- 23. (C) The section provides punishment ‘‘with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine’’. Therefore the correct description is life or up to seven years and also fine.
- 24. (B) The provision explicitly covers ‘‘any document which is or purports to be a will’’, so a document that merely purports to be a will falls within the section’s scope irrespective of its validity.
- 25. (A) The text expressly lists "book, electronic record, paper, writing, valuable security or account," so electronic records are included within the items whose destruction, alteration or falsification is prohibited.
- 26. (B) The provision text states: 'Repealed by the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 (43 of 1958), S. 135 and Sch.' Thus Section 478 was repealed by that Act.
- 27. (C) Section 479 states the mark denotes that movable property "belongs to a particular person." The plain wording uses the singular "a particular person," so a mark expressly denoting joint ownership by two persons does not match the provision as worded.
- 28. (B) The text states that Section 480 was "Repealed by the Trade and Merchandise Marks Act, 1958 (43 of 1958), S. 135 and Sch.", which shows the provision was repealed and is no longer in force.
- 29. (B) The section expressly refers to marking any movable property or goods, or any case, package or receptacle containing movable property or goods, in a manner reasonably calculated to cause belief that such property or goods belong to a person to whom they do not belong. It does not refer to immovable property or services.
- 30. (A) Section 481 uses an objective test — "in a manner reasonably calculated to cause it to be believed" — rather than alleging a required mental state such as deliberate dishonesty. It therefore focuses on the effect of the use rather than proving subjective dishonest intention.
- 31. (A) The text provides punishment "unless he proves that he acted without intent to defraud," so successful proof of lack of intent prevents the punishment under this section.
- 32. (A) Section 483 states that 'Whoever counterfeits any property mark used by any other person shall be punished...'. The provision therefore makes counterfeiting a property mark used by another person the offence.
- 33. (B) Section 483 criminalises counterfeiting 'any property mark used by any other person'. The wording limits the offence to marks used by another person, so counterfeiting a mark used by oneself is not covered by this provision.
- 34. (A) The section expressly refers to "any property mark used by a public servant, or any mark used by a public servant...", so it is directed to marks used by public servants only.
- 35. (A) The provision begins: "Whoever makes or has in his possession any die, plate or other instrument for the purpose of counterfeiting a proper mark... shall be punished..." Thus making or possessing such instruments for counterfeiting is the offence described. The other options are not mentioned in the provision.
- 36. (D) The provision covers those who "make or has in his possession any die, plate or other instrument for the purpose of counterfeiting a proper mark..." This language makes possession for that purpose itself punishable, irrespective of whether it has yet been used. The text does not require actual use before punishment.
- 37. (C) The provision covers marks "affixed to or impressed upon the same or to or upon any case, package or other receptacle in which such goods are contained." It therefore includes marks on the goods or on their cases/packages.
- 38. (A) The phrase "shall, unless he proves:" places an onus on the actor described (the seller/exposer/possessor) to prove the exception. It indicates the accused must prove whatever the proviso requires.
- 39. (C) Section 487 covers making a false mark upon a receptacle so as to cause any person to believe that it contains goods which it does not, or that the goods are of a different nature or quality. The scenario describes a false marking about nature/quality, which falls within the section.
- 40. (A) The section states that 'Whoever makes use of any such false mark in any manner prohibited by the last foregoing section shall... be punished.' Thus punishment is triggered by use of a false mark in the prohibited manner described in the preceding section.
- 41. (D) The section provides an exception: the offender 'shall, unless he proves that he acted without intent to defraud, be punished.' This places the burden on the accused to prove absence of intent, not on the prosecution to prove intent.
- 42. (C) The provision requires the person to be "intending or knowing it to be likely that he may thereby cause injury to any person." Thus either intention or knowledge of the likelihood suffices; mere negligence does not.
- 43. (A) Section 489A specifically penalises whoever "counterfeits, or knowingly performs any part of the process of counterfeiting, any currency-note or bank-note." The provision therefore directly targets counterfeiting of currency-notes or bank-notes.
- 44. (D) The text of Section 489A refers specifically to "currency-note or bank-note." It therefore does not, on its face, cover coins, which are not described as currency-notes or bank-notes in the provision.
- 45. (A) The section specifies that the act must be done "knowing or having reason to believe the same to be forged or counterfeit." Liability therefore requires knowledge or having reason to believe, not strict liability, mere negligence, or a distinct intention element alone.
- 46. (B) The provision states punishment "with imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine." Thus allowed sentences include life imprisonment or imprisonment up to ten years and a fine; a fine alone, seven years maximum, or death are not what the section prescribes.
- 47. (B) The provision requires both knowledge/reason to believe the note is forged/counterfeit and an intention to use it as genuine or that it may be used as genuine. If there is no such intention, the offence under s.489C is not established.
- 48. (C) Section 489D states punishment as "imprisonment for life, or with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine." Thus the statute provides life imprisonment or up to ten years' imprisonment, together with fine.
- 49. (B) Section 489D applies where the item is possessed "for the purpose of being used, or [the possessor] knowing or having reason to believe that it is intended to be used" for forging. If neither purpose nor knowledge/reason to believe is present, the provision as written does not make mere unaware possession punishable.
- 50. (C) Section 489E(1) expressly criminalises making, causing to be made, using for any purpose whatsoever, or delivering to any person any document purporting to be, or resembling, a currency‑note or bank‑note. All those acts are therefore covered by the subsection.