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Practice paper — Constitution Part IXA — The Municipalities

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  1. 1.Under Article 243P, what does the term 'district' mean?

    • (A) A district in a State
    • (B) Any administrative division as defined by Parliament
    • (C) A revenue circle within a State
    • (D) A group of Municipalities within a State

  2. 2.How is 'population' defined for the purposes of Article 243P?

    • (A) Population as estimated by the State Government
    • (B) Population as recorded in the national registry of births and deaths
    • (C) Population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published
    • (D) Population as determined by the Governor by notification

  3. 3.Can a single Municipality with a population of ten lakhs be declared a 'Metropolitan area' under Article 243P?

    • (A) Yes — any area with population of ten lakhs is automatically a Metropolitan area
    • (B) No — the definition requires the area to consist of two or more Municipalities or Panchayats or other contiguous areas
    • (C) Yes, but only if the Governor issues a public notification
    • (D) No — a Metropolitan area must be spread over more than one State

  4. 4.According to Article 243Q(1), which local bodies are to be constituted in every State?

    • (A) Only a Municipal Council and a Municipal Corporation
    • (B) A Nagar Panchayat, a Municipal Council, and a Municipal Corporation
    • (C) Only a Nagar Panchayat and a Municipal Council
    • (D) Only a Municipal Corporation

  5. 5.Which statement best describes the proviso to Article 243Q(1) about an 'industrial township'?

    • (A) The Governor must constitute a Municipality in any area where an industrial establishment provides municipal services.
    • (B) The Governor may specify an area as an industrial township only if municipal services are already being provided by the industrial establishment (not if only proposed).
    • (C) The Governor may, having regard to size and municipal services being provided or proposed by an industrial establishment and such other factors, by public notification specify an area as an industrial township, and a Municipality under this clause may not be constituted in that area.
    • (D) The proviso applies only to rural areas and prevents any municipality in such areas.

  6. 6.Which of the following is NOT listed in Article 243Q(2) as a factor the Governor may consider when specifying area categories?

    • (A) The population of the area
    • (B) The density of the population
    • (C) The revenue generated for local administration
    • (D) The linguistic composition of the area

  7. 7.What name does Article 243R(1) assign to the territorial constituencies into which each Municipal area shall be divided?

    • (A) Seats
    • (B) Divisions
    • (C) Wards
    • (D) Municipal Circles

  8. 8.Which specific limitation on rights is stated in the proviso to Article 243R(2)(a)?

    • (A) Members of Parliament and State Legislatures may not attend Municipal meetings
    • (B) Persons referred to in paragraph (i) (those with special knowledge or experience) shall not have the right to vote in the meetings of the Municipality
    • (C) All nominated members shall be barred from being Chairperson of the Municipality
    • (D) Members of the Council of States and Legislative Council may vote only on financial matters

  9. 9.Under Article 243S, Wards Committees must be constituted within the territorial area of a Municipality having a population of:

    • (A) One lakh
    • (B) Three lakhs
    • (C) Five lakhs
    • (D) Any population (no threshold)

  10. 10.Who is necessarily a member of a Wards Committee as per Article 243S?

    • (A) A member of a Municipality representing a ward within the territorial area of the Wards Committee
    • (B) Any person appointed by the State Legislature
    • (C) Only the elected Chairperson of the Wards Committee
    • (D) A nominated representative of the municipal administration

  11. 11.Where a Wards Committee consists of two or more wards, who is to be the Chairperson under Article 243S?

    • (A) The member representing the largest ward by population
    • (B) The Mayor of the Municipality
    • (C) A member representing any one ward nominated by the State Government
    • (D) One of the members representing such wards in the Municipality elected by the members of the Wards Committee

  12. 12.According to Article 243T(1), which categories of seats are required to be reserved in every Municipality?

    • (A) Seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
    • (B) Seats exclusively for women
    • (C) Seats for Other Backward Classes (OBCs)
    • (D) Seats for the general category on rotational basis

  13. 13.Article 243T(3) requires reservation of seats for women in every Municipality. Does this overall one‑third reservation for women exclude the seats reserved for women belonging to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes under clause (2)?

    • (A) Yes — the one-third overall for women is separate and excludes SC/ST women seats
    • (B) No — the one-third overall for women includes the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes
    • (C) Only if the State Legislature enacts a law to combine them
    • (D) It excludes SC/ST women seats unless rotation is applied

  14. 14.Which of the following reservations is stated in Article 243T(5) to cease to have effect on the expiration of the period specified in Article 334?

    • (A) All reservations under this Part, including reservations for women and backward classes
    • (B) Only the reservations for women (both general and SC/ST women) under this Part
    • (C) The reservations under clauses (1) and (2) and the reservation of offices of Chairpersons (other than the reservation for women) under clause (4)
    • (D) Reservations made by State Legislatures in favour of backward classes under clause (6)

  15. 15.According to Article 243U(1) of the Constitution, for how long does every Municipality continue from the date appointed for its first meeting (unless sooner dissolved)?

    • (A) Five years
    • (B) Four years
    • (C) Six years
    • (D) Indefinitely until dissolved

  16. 16.Article 243U(3) prescribes timelines for completing an election to constitute a Municipality. Which of the following correctly captures those timelines?

    • (A) An election must be held only before the expiry of the five-year term.
    • (B) An election must be completed only within six months of dissolution.
    • (C) An election must be completed either before the expiry of its five-year duration or within six months of its dissolution.
    • (D) An election must be held within one year of dissolution.

  17. 17.If the law is amended to abolish a class or level of Municipalities while a Municipality at that level is functioning immediately before the amendment, what is the immediate effect of that amendment under Article 243U(2)?

    • (A) The amendment does not cause dissolution of that Municipality until the expiry of its five-year duration.
    • (B) The amendment immediately dissolves the Municipality.
    • (C) The amendment is void and of no effect ever.
    • (D) The amendment requires an immediate election to validate the change.

  18. 18.According to the proviso to Article 243V(1)(a), a person shall not be disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty-five years of age if he has attained which age?

    • (A) Eighteen years
    • (B) Twenty-one years
    • (C) Twenty-five years
    • (D) Thirty years

  19. 19.If a question arises whether a member of a Municipality has become subject to any of the disqualifications in clause (1), which of the following correctly states how the question is to be decided under Article 243V(2)?

    • (A) The question shall be decided directly by the State Legislature itself.
    • (B) The State Election Commission shall decide the question without reference to any other authority.
    • (C) The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction to decide the question.
    • (D) The question shall be referred for decision to such authority and in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.

  20. 20.Which of the following correctly distinguishes clause (1)(a) from clause (1)(b) of Article 243V?

    • (A) Clause (1)(a) deals with disqualifications under laws for the purposes of elections to the State Legislature; clause (1)(b) deals with disqualifications under any law made by the Legislature of the State.
    • (B) Clause (1)(a) applies only to laws made by the State Legislature, while clause (1)(b) applies to laws for elections to the State Legislature.
    • (C) Both clauses refer only to laws for the purposes of elections to the Legislature and are interchangeable.
    • (D) Clause (1)(b) always overrides clause (1)(a) whenever there is any conflict between them.

  21. 21.Article 243W allows a State law to contain provisions for which of the following in relation to Municipalities?

    • (A) The devolution of powers and responsibilities upon Municipalities, subject to such conditions as may be specified therein
    • (B) The appointment of judges to municipal courts
    • (C) The control of State police by Municipalities
    • (D) Amendment of the Constitution to change municipal boundaries

  22. 22.Which of the following correctly states what powers Committees may be endowed with under Article 243W?

    • (A) No — Committees cannot be given any powers in relation to the Twelfth Schedule
    • (B) Committees may only be given advisory roles and cannot carry out responsibilities
    • (C) Committees may be given powers to prepare state budgets and amend state laws
    • (D) Yes — the State Legislature may endow Committees with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to carry out the responsibilities conferred upon them, including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule

  23. 23.Which authority may, by law, authorise a Municipality to levy, collect and appropriate taxes under Article 243X?

    • (A) The Parliament of India
    • (B) The Legislature of a State
    • (C) The State Government
    • (D) The Municipality itself

  24. 24.From which fund does Article 243X permit grants-in-aid to be made to Municipalities?

    • (A) Consolidated Fund of India
    • (B) Contingency Fund of the State
    • (C) Consolidated Fund of the State
    • (D) Municipal Fund

  25. 25.Does Article 243X allow a Municipality to appropriate taxes it levies without following any prescribed procedure?

    • (A) Yes — appropriation is at the Municipality's discretion
    • (B) No — levy, collection and appropriation must be 'in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits'
    • (C) Yes — but only for tolls and fees
    • (D) Only with the prior approval of the Governor

  26. 26.Under Article 243Y of the Constitution, what is the primary function of the Finance Commission constituted under Article 243‑I with respect to Municipalities?

    • (A) To review the financial position of the Municipalities and make recommendations to the Governor on specified financial matters.
    • (B) To administer Municipal funds and manage day‑to‑day finances of Municipalities.
    • (C) To enact legislation for Municipal taxation in the State Legislature.
    • (D) To appoint and remove Municipal mayors and commissioners.

  27. 27.Which of the following is NOT a matter on which the Finance Commission is required to make recommendations under Article 243Y(1)?

    • (A) Principles governing distribution between the State and the Municipalities of net proceeds of certain State levies and allocation between Municipalities.
    • (B) Determination of the taxes, duties, tolls and fees which may be assigned to, or appropriated by, the Municipalities.
    • (C) Grants‑in‑aid to the Municipalities from the Consolidated Fund of the State.
    • (D) Appointment procedures for Municipal Commissioners and Mayors.

  28. 28.Which statement best describes the legal effect of the Finance Commission's recommendations under Article 243Y as provided in the text?

    • (A) The recommendations are binding on the State and must be implemented by the Governor.
    • (B) The recommendations are to be submitted to the State Legislature by the Governor with an explanatory memorandum as to action taken, but the text does not state they are binding.
    • (C) The Commission itself implements the recommendations directly in Municipal finances.
    • (D) The recommendations must be sent to the President for confirmation before any action.

  29. 29.According to Article 243Z of the Constitution of India, who may make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by Municipalities and the auditing of such accounts?

    • (A) The Legislature of a State
    • (B) The Parliament of India
    • (C) The President of India
    • (D) The Municipalities themselves

  30. 30.Does Article 243Z impose an immediate constitutional obligation on a State to legislate about municipal accounts, or does it confer a permissive power?

    • (A) It imposes an immediate constitutional obligation to legislate
    • (B) It confers a permissive power to the State Legislature to make such provisions
    • (C) It delegates the duty directly to Municipalities to legislate
    • (D) It vests the Union Government with the obligation to legislate

  31. 31.If a State has not enacted any law under Article 243Z, does the Article by itself create a constitutional duty on Municipalities to maintain and audit accounts?

    • (A) Yes — Article 243Z itself creates a direct constitutional duty on Municipalities
    • (B) No — Article 243Z only permits the State Legislature to make provisions, so duties arise only if and as provided by such law
    • (C) Yes — the Central government will enforce account maintenance in that case
    • (D) No — Article 243Z excludes Municipalities from any obligation regarding accounts

  32. 32.What power does Article 243ZA(2) expressly give to the Legislature of a State regarding Municipal elections?

    • (A) It may, by law, make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to the Municipalities.
    • (B) It may appoint the members of the State Election Commission.
    • (C) It may abolish Municipalities by law without constitutional constraint.
    • (D) It may make laws concerning parliamentary and assembly elections.

  33. 33.If a State law about municipal elections conflicts with provisions of the Constitution, what does Article 243ZA(2) indicate about the validity of that State law?

    • (A) The State law will prevail over the Constitution within the State.
    • (B) The State Election Commission will determine which provision applies.
    • (C) The State law is subject to the provisions of the Constitution and therefore must conform to it.
    • (D) The President of India must approve the State law for it to operate.

  34. 34.Can the State Legislature, by law, transfer the superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of municipal elections away from the State Election Commission to some other authority?

    • (A) Yes — because Article 243ZA(2) allows the Legislature to make provision regarding elections.
    • (B) No — Article 243ZA(1) expressly vests that superintendence, direction and control in the State Election Commission referred to in Article 243K.
    • (C) Yes — but only if Parliament first enacts a law authorising such transfer.
    • (D) Yes — if the Election Commission of India gives its consent.

  35. 35.In relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly, references to the "Legislature or the Legislative Assembly of a State" shall be read as references to:

    • (A) The Parliament of India
    • (B) That Union territory's Legislative Assembly
    • (C) The President of India
    • (D) The Administrator's Council

  36. 36.For a Union territory that does not have a Legislative Assembly, how does the provision treat references to "Legislature or the Legislative Assembly of a State"?

    • (A) They are treated as references to the Administrator
    • (B) The mapping applies only in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly, so no such mapping is provided for territories without one
    • (C) They automatically refer to the Parliament
    • (D) They cease to have any legal effect

  37. 37.Which areas does Article 243ZC(1) expressly exclude from the application of 'this Part'?

    • (A) The Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1), and the tribal areas referred to in clause (2), of article 244
    • (B) All tribal and backward areas in India
    • (C) Only the hill areas of the State of West Bengal
    • (D) All areas governed by special state laws

  38. 38.What does Article 243ZC(2) state about the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council (DGHC)?

    • (A) It abolishes the DGHC and transfers its powers to the State government
    • (B) Nothing in this Part shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the DGHC constituted under any law for the time being in force
    • (C) It places the DGHC under the direct control of Parliament
    • (D) It requires the DGHC to conform to this Part immediately

  39. 39.If a provision in this Part appears to limit the established powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council, how should that provision be interpreted in light of Article 243ZC?

    • (A) It should be read as superseding the DGHC's powers unless Parliament enacts a law preserving them
    • (B) It should be interpreted to mean the DGHC's powers are transferred to the State government
    • (C) The provision automatically amends any existing laws governing the DGHC
    • (D) It shall not be construed to affect the functions and powers of the DGHC as constituted under any law for the time being in force

  40. 40.What is the primary function of a District Planning Committee under Article 243ZD?

    • (A) To implement development projects in the district.
    • (B) To consolidate the plans prepared by the Panchayats and the Municipalities in the district and to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole.
    • (C) To levy taxes and manage district finances.
    • (D) To appoint and remove local government officials in the district.

  41. 41.Who is required by Article 243ZD to forward the development plan recommended by a District Planning Committee to the State Government?

    • (A) The State Legislature.
    • (B) The Governor of the State.
    • (C) The Chairperson of the District Planning Committee.
    • (D) The Chief Secretary of the State Government.

  42. 42.Under Article 243ZD(3)(b), which authority may specify the institutions and organisations that a District Planning Committee must consult while preparing its draft development plan?

    • (A) The State Legislature by law.
    • (B) The State Government by notification.
    • (C) The Chairperson of the District Planning Committee.
    • (D) The Governor, by order.

  43. 43.What is to be constituted in every Metropolitan area under Article 243ZE(1)?

    • (A) Metropolitan Planning Committee
    • (B) Metropolitan Development Authority
    • (C) Metropolitan Zonal Council
    • (D) Municipal Corporation

  44. 44.Who may make law providing for the composition, filling of seats and related matters for Metropolitan Planning Committees under Article 243ZE(2)?

    • (A) Parliament of India
    • (B) Legislature of a State
    • (C) The Governor
    • (D) The President

  45. 45.Does Article 243ZE require that the Government of India be represented on every Metropolitan Planning Committee?

    • (A) Yes — it is mandatory under the Constitution
    • (B) No — the State Legislature may provide for representation of Government of India and Government of the State
    • (C) Yes — but only if the Governor so orders
    • (D) No — only elected members of Municipalities and Panchayats may be members

  46. 46.According to the proviso to Article 243ZF, what happens to Municipalities existing immediately before the commencement of the Seventy-fourth Amendment?

    • (A) They are automatically dissolved on commencement.
    • (B) They continue only for one year from commencement regardless of their duration.
    • (C) They continue till the expiration of their duration unless sooner dissolved by a resolution of the Legislative Assembly or, in a State with a Legislative Council, by each House of the Legislature.
    • (D) They continue only if the State Election Commission reconstitutes them.

  47. 47.If a State law relating to Municipalities that is inconsistent with this Part is not amended or repealed within one year of the Seventy-fourth Amendment's commencement, what follows under Article 243ZF?

    • (A) The inconsistent law continues in force indefinitely unless the Legislature acts.
    • (B) The inconsistent law ceases to continue after the expiration of one year from commencement.
    • (C) The inconsistent law remains valid until the next municipal election.
    • (D) The inconsistent law is void from the moment of commencement.

  48. 48.In a State having a Legislative Council, which of the following is required to dissolve Municipalities sooner than their duration under Article 243ZF's proviso?

    • (A) A resolution by the Legislative Assembly alone
    • (B) A resolution by the Legislative Council alone
    • (C) A resolution by either House of the Legislature
    • (D) A resolution passed by each House of the Legislature of that State

  49. 49.Under Article 243ZG(b), an election to any Municipality may be called in question only by which of the following methods?

    • (A) Filing a writ petition in the High Court
    • (B) Filing a public interest litigation in the Supreme Court
    • (C) Presenting an election petition to the authority and in the manner provided by state law
    • (D) Lodging a complaint with the Election Commission of India

  50. 50.Can a citizen ordinarily challenge a municipal election in a court by filing a writ petition instead of an election petition, under Article 243ZG(b)?

    • (A) Yes, any court may entertain a writ petition challenging a municipal election
    • (B) No, an election to a Municipality cannot be called in question except by an election petition as provided by state law
    • (C) Yes, but only the Supreme Court can hear such a writ petition
    • (D) Yes, but only after the State Legislature passes a resolution

Answer key

1. A2. C3. B4. B5. C6. D7. C8. B9. B10. A11. D12. A13. B14. C15. A16. C17. A18. B19. D20. A21. A22. D23. B24. C25. B26. A27. D28. B29. A30. B31. B32. A33. C34. B35. B36. B37. A38. B39. D40. B41. C42. D43. A44. B45. B46. C47. B48. D49. C50. B

Explanations

  1. 1. (A) Article 243P(b) expressly defines 'district' to mean a district in a State. The provision gives no alternate definition such as revenue circle or groupings of municipalities.
  2. 2. (C) Article 243P(g) defines 'population' as the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the relevant figures have been published. The clause does not permit state estimates, registry counts or a Governor's determination.
  3. 3. (B) Article 243P(c) specifies that a Metropolitan area must consist of two or more Municipalities or Panchayats or other contiguous areas in addition to the population requirement. Therefore a single Municipality, even with ten lakhs population, does not by itself meet the definition.
  4. 4. (B) Article 243Q(1) expressly provides that in every State there shall be constituted (a) a Nagar Panchayat, (b) a Municipal Council, and (c) a Municipal Corporation. The text lists all three types of municipalities for different kinds of urban areas.
  5. 5. (C) The proviso to Article 243Q(1) permits the Governor, having regard to the size and the municipal services being provided or proposed to be provided by an industrial establishment and other factors, to specify an area as an industrial township by public notification; in such an area a Municipality under this clause may not be constituted.
  6. 6. (D) Article 243Q(2) lists population, population density, revenue generated for local administration, percentage of employment in non-agricultural activities, economic importance and 'such other factors' as matters the Governor may have regard to. Linguistic composition is not mentioned in the list.
  7. 7. (C) Article 243R(1) expressly provides that each Municipal area shall be divided into territorial constituencies to be known as 'wards'.
  8. 8. (B) The proviso to Article 243R(2)(a) specifically states that the persons referred to in paragraph (i) — i.e., those having special knowledge or experience in Municipal administration — shall not have the right to vote in the meetings of the Municipality. No other voting restrictions are mentioned in the provision.
  9. 9. (B) Article 243S(1) states that Wards Committees shall be constituted within the territorial area of a Municipality having a population of three lakhs or more. Therefore the threshold specified is three lakhs.
  10. 10. (A) Article 243S(3) provides that a member of a Municipality representing a ward within the territorial area of the Wards Committee shall be a member of that Committee. This makes such municipal representatives automatic members.
  11. 11. (D) Article 243S(4)(b) specifies that where a Wards Committee consists of two or more wards, one of the members representing such wards in the Municipality elected by the members of the Wards Committee shall be the Chairperson. Thus the Chairperson is chosen by election among those members.
  12. 12. (A) Clause (1) explicitly provides that seats shall be reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes in every Municipality. It specifies reservation for SCs and STs and how the number of seats should bear proportion to their population.
  13. 13. (B) Clause (3) expressly provides that not less than one-third (including the number of seats reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes) of the total seats shall be reserved for women. Therefore the overall one‑third includes SC/ST women seats.
  14. 14. (C) Clause (5) specifies that the reservation of seats under clauses (1) and (2) and the reservation of offices of Chairpersons (other than the reservation for women) under clause (4) shall cease to have effect on the expiration of the period specified in Article 334. Thus those specific reservations cease, while reservation of Chairpersons for women is excluded from that cessation.
  15. 15. (A) Clause (1) states that every Municipality shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting, unless sooner dissolved under any law in force. Therefore the period is five years.
  16. 16. (C) Clause (3) states that an election to constitute a Municipality shall be completed (a) before the expiry of its duration specified in clause (1) and (b) before the expiration of a period of six months from the date of its dissolution. Thus both timelines are prescribed.
  17. 17. (A) Clause (2) provides that no amendment of any law shall have the effect of causing dissolution of a Municipality at any level which is functioning immediately before such amendment, till the expiration of its duration specified in clause (1). Thus the amendment cannot cause immediate dissolution and takes effect only after the term expires.
  18. 18. (B) The proviso to Article 243V(1)(a) states that no person shall be disqualified on the ground that he is less than twenty-five years of age if he has attained the age of twenty-one years. Thus twenty-one years is the specified threshold in the proviso.
  19. 19. (D) Article 243V(2) states that if any question arises about whether a municipal member has become subject to the disqualifications in clause (1), 'the question shall be referred for the decision of such authority and in such manner as the Legislature of a State may, by law, provide.' It does not vest automatic decision in the Legislature itself, the State Election Commission, or the Supreme Court.
  20. 20. (A) Article 243V(1)(a) concerns disqualification 'by or under any law ... for the purposes of elections to the Legislature of the State concerned,' whereas clause (1)(b) concerns disqualification 'by or under any law made by the Legislature of the State.' The text thus distinguishes the basis of the disqualification in each clause.
  21. 21. (A) Clause (a) states the law "may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities upon Municipalities, subject to such conditions as may be specified therein." The other options are not mentioned in the provision.
  22. 22. (D) Clause (b) provides that the Legislature may endow "the Committees with such powers and authority as may be necessary to enable them to carry out the responsibilities conferred upon them including those in relation to the matters listed in the Twelfth Schedule." The provision does not limit Committees to advisory roles only.
  23. 23. (B) The provision begins: 'The Legislature of a State may, by law, — (a) authorise a Municipality to levy, collect and appropriate such taxes...'. Thus the power is given to the State Legislature.
  24. 24. (C) Clause (c) specifically provides for making grants-in-aid to the Municipalities 'from the Consolidated Fund of the State.' Therefore grants are to come from the State Consolidated Fund.
  25. 25. (B) Clause (a) authorises a Municipality to 'levy, collect and appropriate such taxes, duties, tolls and fees in accordance with such procedure and subject to such limits,' so appropriation must follow prescribed procedure and limits.
  26. 26. (A) Article 243Y(1) states that the Finance Commission constituted under Article 243‑I shall review the financial position of the Municipalities and make recommendations to the Governor on various financial matters. The provision lists the matters on which recommendations are to be made, showing review and recommendation as the Commission's role.
  27. 27. (D) Article 243Y(1)(a)(i)–(iii) and (b) list distribution of proceeds, determination of taxes to be assigned, and grants‑in‑aid as matters for recommendation. There is no mention of appointments of Municipal Commissioners or Mayors in the provision.
  28. 28. (B) Article 243Y(2) requires the Governor to lay every recommendation before the State Legislature along with an explanatory memorandum as to the action taken thereon. The provision prescribes submission and explanation but does not state that the recommendations are binding upon the State.
  29. 29. (A) Article 243Z states: 'The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Municipalities and the auditing of such accounts.' Thus the power is expressly given to the Legislature of a State.
  30. 30. (B) Article 243Z uses the word 'may, by law, make provisions,' indicating a permissive power rather than a mandatory obligation on the State to legislate.
  31. 31. (B) Article 243Z states that the State Legislature 'may, by law, make provisions' about maintenance and auditing. It therefore does not itself impose duties; any obligation would depend on the provisions enacted by the State Legislature.
  32. 32. (A) Article 243ZA(2) expressly provides that, subject to the Constitution, the Legislature of a State may by law make provision with respect to all matters relating to, or in connection with, elections to the Municipalities. The other options are not stated in this Article.
  33. 33. (C) Article 243ZA(2) begins with the phrase 'Subject to the provisions of this Constitution,' indicating that any law made by the State Legislature regarding municipal elections must conform to the Constitution. Therefore a State law conflicting with the Constitution would be constrained by that supremacy.
  34. 34. (B) Article 243ZA(1) plainly states that the superintendence, direction and control of preparation of electoral rolls and conduct of municipal elections 'shall be vested in the State Election Commission referred to in article 243K.' That constitutional vesting indicates those functions belong to the State Election Commission rather than another authority.
  35. 35. (B) The provision expressly says such references shall, in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly, be references to that Legislative Assembly. Therefore the State Legislature/Assembly reference maps to the UT's own Legislative Assembly.
  36. 36. (B) The provision specifies the references to the Legislature or Legislative Assembly of a State are to be read as references to that Legislative Assembly in relation to a Union territory having a Legislative Assembly. It therefore confines that mapping to UTs which have a Legislative Assembly.
  37. 37. (A) Clause (1) of Article 243ZC states that nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in art. 244(1) and the tribal areas referred to in art. 244(2). The provision therefore explicitly excludes those specific areas.
  38. 38. (B) Clause (2) explicitly provides that nothing in this Part shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council constituted under any law in force for the hill areas of Darjeeling, thereby preserving its existing functions and powers.
  39. 39. (D) Clause (2) specifies that nothing in this Part shall be construed to affect the functions and powers of the DGHC constituted under any law then in force, so any provision of the Part should not be read as affecting those functions and powers.
  40. 40. (B) Article 243ZD(1) states that a District Planning Committee is constituted to consolidate plans prepared by Panchayats and Municipalities and to prepare a draft development plan for the district as a whole. The provision does not give it powers to levy taxes, implement projects, or appoint officials.
  41. 41. (C) Article 243ZD(4) states that the Chairperson of every District Planning Committee shall forward the development plan, as recommended by such Committee, to the Government of the State. It does not assign this forwarding function to the Legislature, Governor, or Chief Secretary.
  42. 42. (D) Article 243ZD(3)(b) expressly provides that the District Planning Committee shall consult such institutions and organisations as the Governor may, by order, specify. The provision does not delegate this specifying power to the Legislature, State Government notification, or the Chairperson.
  43. 43. (A) Article 243ZE(1) states that a Metropolitan Planning Committee shall be constituted in every Metropolitan area to prepare a draft development plan for the area as a whole. This clause names the body specifically as the Metropolitan Planning Committee.
  44. 44. (B) Article 243ZE(2) begins with ‘The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provision with respect to…’ indicating that it is the State Legislature which may make laws concerning composition and related matters of Metropolitan Planning Committees.
  45. 45. (B) Clause (2)(c) of Article 243ZE says the State Legislature may, by law, make provision for the representation in such Committees of the Government of India and the Government of the State and of such organisations as may be deemed necessary. Thus representation of the Government of India is a matter for State law, not an automatic constitutional mandate.
  46. 46. (C) The proviso provides that all Municipalities existing immediately before such commencement shall continue till the expiration of their duration, unless sooner dissolved by a resolution passed to that effect by the Legislative Assembly or, in States with a Legislative Council, by each House of the Legislature.
  47. 47. (B) Article 243ZF provides that such inconsistent provisions shall continue in force until amended or repealed by a competent authority or until the expiration of one year from commencement, whichever is earlier; therefore, if not amended or repealed, they cease to continue after one year.
  48. 48. (D) The proviso expressly states that in the case of a State having a Legislative Council, Municipalities may be sooner dissolved only by a resolution passed to that effect by each House of the Legislature of that State, not by one House alone or either House.
  49. 49. (C) Clause (b) states that 'no election to any Municipality shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as is provided for by or under any law made by the Legislature of a State.' Thus only the specified election petition procedure is permitted.
  50. 50. (B) Clause (b) provides that no municipal election 'shall be called in question except by an election petition presented to such authority and in such manner as is provided for by or under any law made by the Legislature of a State.' This bars ordinary court challenges by writ except through the specified election petition route.

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