The Constitution of India
Article 279A
Goods and Services Tax Council
(1) The President shall, within sixty days from the date of commencement of the Constitution (One Hundred and First Amendment) Act, 2016, by order, constitute a Council to be called the Goods and Services Tax Council.
(2) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall consist of the following members, namely:—
(a) the Union Finance Minister — Chairperson;
(b) the Union Minister of State in charge of Revenue or Finance — Member;
(c) the Minister in charge of Finance or Taxation or any other Minister nominated by each State Government — Members.
(3) The Members of the Goods and Services Tax Council referred to in sub-clause (c) of clause (2) shall, as soon as may be, choose one amongst themselves to be the Vice-Chairperson of the Council for such period as they may decide.
(4) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall make recommendations to the Union and the States on—
(a) the taxes, cesses and surcharges levied by the Union, the States and the local bodies which may be subsumed in the goods and services tax;
(b) the goods and services that may be subjected to, or exempted from, the goods and services tax;
(c) model Goods and Services Tax Laws, principles of levy, apportionment of Goods and Services Tax levied on supplies in the course of inter-State trade or commerce under article 269A and the principles that govern the place of supply;
(d) the threshold limit of turnover below which goods and services may be exempted from goods and services tax;
(e) the rates including floor rates with bands of goods and services tax;
(f) any special rate or rates for a specified period, to raise additional resources during any natural calamity or disaster; (g) special provision with respect to the States of Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand; and
(h) any other matter relating to the goods and services tax, as the Council may decide.
(5) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall recommend the date on which the goods and services tax be levied on petroleum crude, high speed diesel, motor spirit (commonly known as petrol), natural gas and aviation turbine fuel.
(6) While discharging the functions conferred by this article, the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be guided by the need for a harmonised structure of goods and services tax and for the development of a harmonised national market for goods and services.
(7) One-half of the total number of Members of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall constitute the quorum at its meetings.
(8) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall determine the procedure in the performance of its functions.
(9) Every decision of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be taken at a meeting, by a majority of not less than three-fourths of the weighted votes of the members present and voting, in accordance with the following principles, namely:—
(a) the vote of the Central Government shall have a weightage of one-third of the total votes cast; and
(b) the votes of all the State Governments taken together shall have a weightage of two-thirds of the total votes cast, in that meeting.
(10) No act or proceedings of the Goods and Services Tax Council shall be invalid merely by reason of—
(a) any vacancy in, or any defect in, the constitution of the Council; or
(b) any defect in the appointment of a person as a Member of the Council; or
(c) any procedural irregularity of the Council not affecting the merits of the case.
(11) The Goods and Services Tax Council shall establish a mechanism to adjudicate any dispute— (a) between the Government of India and one or more States; or
(b) between the Government of India and any State or States on one side and one or more other States on the other side; or
(c) between two or more States, arising out of the recommendations of the Council or implementation thereof.
Why this exists
Before GST, India had a patchwork of central and state taxes (excise, VAT, service tax, entry tax, etc.) that made trade across states costly and complicated. The 101st Constitutional Amendment (2016) introduced GST as 'one nation, one tax,' but since both the Centre and states now share taxing power over the same transactions, a coordinating body was needed. Article 279A created the GST Council so the Centre and every state have a seat at the table to jointly decide rates, exemptions, and rules, ensuring GST works as a harmonised, cooperative-federalism system rather than each government pulling in different directions.
How courts read it
In Union of India v. Mohit Minerals Pvt. Ltd. (2022), the Supreme Court held that GST Council recommendations are not binding on the Union or the states — Article 246A gives both simultaneous, independent power to legislate on GST, and the Council's role is only recommendatory to encourage cooperative federalism, not to override legislative sovereignty. This clarified that the Council's decisions guide policy but don't have automatic force of law until enacted through proper legislation.
Common misconceptions
Myth: The GST Council's decisions are automatically the law — no further action needed.
Fact: The Supreme Court in Mohit Minerals (2022) clarified that Council recommendations are advisory; Parliament and state legislatures must still pass laws to implement them.
Myth: Any single state can block a GST Council decision.
Fact: Decisions need a three-fourths weighted majority, with all states together holding two-thirds of votes — so no single state can unilaterally block or force a decision alone.
Myth: Petrol and diesel are permanently outside GST by constitutional design.
Fact: Article 279A(5) only says the Council must recommend a start date for bringing them under GST — it doesn't permanently exclude them.